BSt­Ger (23.8.2013): StGB 273; con­cept of fab­ri­ca­ti­on or trade secret; inte­rest in secrecy.

In the pre­sent case, the Fede­ral Cri­mi­nal Court had Judgment of August 23, 2013 to assess the accu­sa­ti­on that seve­ral e‑mails had betray­ed manu­fac­tu­ring or busi­ness secrets. The act its­elf was ack­now­led­ged; the only dis­pu­te was whe­ther a manu­fac­tu­ring or trade secret within the mea­ning of StGB 273 had been violated.

The BSt­Ger sum­ma­ri­zes the facts of StGB 273 as follows:

[…] Accor­ding to the case law on Art. 273 StGB, the con­cept of a manu­fac­tu­ring or trade secret is to be inter­pre­ted broad­ly, sin­ce, in accordance with the mea­ning and pur­po­se of the pro­vi­si­on all facts of eco­no­mic life The infor­ma­ti­on cover­ed is that in Switzerland’s view the­re is a legi­ti­ma­te inte­rest in kee­ping secret and that it should the­r­e­fo­re be pro­tec­ted from for­eign count­ries. For Art. 273 StGB it is suf­fi­ci­ent if the fact is not known to the bene­fi­ci­a­ryA rela­ti­ve lack of know­ledge is not a pre­re­qui­si­te (BGE 104 IV 175, E. 1b). The con­cept of sec­re­cy thus dif­fers from the iden­ti­cal expres­si­on in Art. 162 StGB (and Art. 13 lit. f UWG) (cf. on the who­le BGE 98 IV 210 , E. 1a; Trechsel/ Vest, loc. cit., Art. 273 N. 3, each with references).
2.2.2 As with the con­cept of sec­re­cy under Art. 162 SCC, in the case of eco­no­mic intel­li­gence the owner of the secret must also have an inte­rest in sec­re­cy as well as a Inten­ti­on to main­tain sec­re­cy show. The indi­vi­du­al will of the owner of the secret is not, howe­ver, wort­hy of pro­tec­tion per se. What is pro­tec­ted is a Legi­ti­ma­te inte­rest (objec­tively wort­hy of pro­tec­tion) in sec­re­cy by the owner of the secret. The inte­rest must eco­no­mic natu­re (cf. BGE 101 IV 312; Ger­ber, in: ZStrR 1977, vol. 93, p. 279 and 285, Trechsel/Vest, loc. cit., Art. 273 N. 7 f.). The lack of a con­fi­den­tia­li­ty inte­rest of the owner of the secret that is wort­hy of pro­tec­tion can­not be com­pen­sa­ted for by any inte­rests of the natio­nal eco­no­my, which are not infre­quent­ly of a con­tra­dic­to­ry natu­re, depen­ding on the branch of indu­stry and posi­ti­on in the eco­no­my (OG Luzern judgment of 26 April 1988, E. 4, in: LVGE 1988 I no. 49). Fur­ther­mo­re, the secret must have a rela­ti­on­ship with Switz­er­land ( Trechsel/Vest, loc. cit., Art. 273 N. 9, with refe­rence). Only a for­eign offi­ci­al body, a for­eign orga­nizati­on or a pri­va­te com­pa­ny or its agents can be con­side­red as the beneficiary.
2.2.3 The offen­se under Art. 273 para. 2 SCC con­sists of “making acce­s­si­ble”, i.e., in the broa­dest sen­se, pro­vi­ding for­eign count­ries or their agents with the pos­si­bi­li­ty of gai­ning unaut­ho­ri­zed insight into Swiss eco­no­mic rela­ti­ons, wher­eby it is not neces­sa­ry that the insight be suc­cessful ( Trechsel/Vest, loc. cit., Art. 273 n. 11; Hus­mann, Bas­ler Kom­men­tar Straf­recht II, loc. cit., Art. 273 n. 59, each with references).
2.2.4 In sub­jec­ti­ve terms, intent is requi­red. It is suf­fi­ci­ent if the per­pe­tra­tor kno­wing­ly reve­als a secret fact to a third par­ty. Whe­ther he knew about the sta­te pro­tec­tion of such secrets and thus about the vio­la­ti­on not only of pri­va­te but also of sta­te inte­rests in case of their dis­clo­sure is irrele­vant (BGE 104 IV 182).

The per­pe­tra­tor of a betra­y­al can be any per­son who has legal­ly or con­trac­tual­ly bound to sec­re­cy is sub­ject to the sec­re­cy owner. This was the case in the pre­sent case on the basis of an employment con­tract. Howe­ver, the BSt­Ger denied a vio­la­ti­on of Art. 273 StGB becau­se the­re was no inte­rest in secrecy:

e) Howe­ver, a legi­ti­ma­te inte­rest (objec­tively wort­hy of pro­tec­tion) in sec­re­cy on the part of the owner of the secret can­not be assu­med. The infor­ma­ti­on is so super­fi­ci­al and vague that it is not capa­ble of estab­li­shing an objec­ti­fia­ble inte­rest in pro­tec­tion (see supra, E. 2.2.2). The state­ment that the pri­va­te plain­ti­ff “years ago” had “not mana­ged” tests with long glass feed, Does not lead to an eco­no­mic risk. Moreo­ver, the defen­dant A. makes his own hypo­the­ses in the e‑mail, he thus only announ­ces his per­so­nal con­side­ra­ti­ons, which, among other things, is evi­dent from the sen­ten­ces such as “C. AG will pro­ba­b­ly…”, “they will pos­si­bly…” and “if that were the case …”. The­r­e­fo­re, the­se are not secrets of the pri­va­te plain­ti­ff, but con­jec­tures of the defen­dant. Thus, the objec­ti­ve requi­re­ments of Art. 273 para. 2 SCC are not ful­fil­led in this respect, and the defen­dant is to be acquitted.

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